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The primary material used in asphalt shingle roofs is asphalt, which is derived from petroleum. Asphalt shingles are made by coating a fiberglass mat or organic felt with asphalt, making them waterproof and durable. This material is favored for roofing due to its affordability, ease of installation, and variety of colors and styles, allowing homeowners to achieve different aesthetics. Additionally, asphalt shingles have a good lifespan, often lasting 20 years or more with proper maintenance.

In the context of roofing materials, other materials such as metal, wood, and slate serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. Metal roofs are known for their longevity and resistance to the elements but are different in composition and installation techniques. Wood can be used for roofing but is less common due to higher maintenance needs and susceptibility to rot or fire. Slate is a premium roofing material with impressive durability and aesthetics, but it is also significantly heavier and more expensive than asphalt shingles. Thus, asphalt remains the primary choice for residential roofing due to its balance of performance, cost, and versatility.